State-Sponsored Trolls — Twitter Accounts (IRA + Iranian)
A Twitter (state-sponsored IO accounts) dataset of 3,836 Russian IRA and 770 Iranian state-sponsored troll accounts with profile metadata, collected by Zannettou et al. via Twitter API (2019). Each record contains hashed user ID, display name, screen name, reported location, profile description, follower/following counts, account creation date, account language. Hashed and anonymized profiles of 4,606 verified state-sponsored troll accounts from Russian IRA and Iranian IO campaigns, enabling detection and characterization of coordinated inauthentic behavior. Suitable for information operations detection, state-sponsored troll identification, coordinated inauthentic behavior, influence campaign analysis, social media manipulation research.
Cite this dataset at
state-sponsored-trolls-twitter.echo.directory
Analytics
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Computed over the full corpus.
Record
- Catalog key
state-sponsored-trolls-twitter- Authors
- Zannettou, Savvas; Caulfield, Tristan; Setzer, William; Sirivianos, Michael; Stringhini, Gianluca; Blackburn, Jeremy
- Year
- 2019
- Source paper
- Who Let The Trolls Out?: Towards Understanding State-Sponsored Trolls
- DOI / arXiv
- 10.1145/3292522.3326016
- License
- Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) (CC-BY-4.0)
- Records
- 4,606
- Languages
- ar, en, es, ru
- Collected
- 2013-2018 (2010s)
- Tasks
- Bot detection inferred
- Region
- Iran · Middle East & North Africa (inferred: named in the description)
Provenance
- Originally published at
- https://zenodo.org/records/2558433 link checked
- Hosted copy
- Mirrored on echo.directory on 2026-10-21, 1.6 GB across 1 files. Checksums in MANIFEST.json.
Citations
Who Let The Trolls Out?: Towards Understanding State-Sponsored Trolls
Savvas Zannettou, T. Caulfield, William Setzer, M. Sirivianos, G. Stringhini
Journal Article · Web Science Conference · 2018
Cited by
- The Pushshift Reddit Dataset
Jason Baumgartner, Savvas Zannettou et al. · International Conference on Web and Social Media · 2020 · cited 1.2K× - Disinformation Warfare: Understanding State-Sponsored Trolls on Twitter and Their Influence on the Web
Savvas Zannettou, T. Caulfield et al. · The Web Conference · 2018 · cited 256× - Social Media, Echo Chambers, and Political Polarization
Pablo Barberá · Social Media and Democracy · 2020 · cited 236× - Misinformation, Disinformation, and Online Propaganda
A. Guess, Benjamin A. Lyons · Social Media and Democracy · 2020 · cited 181× - Identifying Coordinated Accounts on Social Media through Hidden Influence and Group Behaviours
Karishma Sharma, Yizhou Zhang et al. · Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining · 2020 · cited 115×
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- Online Hate Speech
A. Siegel · Social Media and Democracy · 2020 · cited 114× - Misinformation and Its Correction
Chloe Wittenberg, Adam J. Berinsky · Social Media and Democracy · 2020 · cited 114× - Still out there: Modeling and Identifying Russian Troll Accounts on Twitter
Jane Im, Eshwar Chandrasekharan et al. · Web Science Conference · 2019 · cited 114× - Detecting Troll Behavior via Inverse Reinforcement Learning: A Case Study of Russian Trolls in the 2016 US Election
Luca Luceri, S. Giordano et al. · International Conference on Web and Social Media · 2020 · cited 99× - #Election2020: the first public Twitter dataset on the 2020 US Presidential election
Emily Chen, A. Deb et al. · Journal of Computational Social Science · 2020 · cited 91×
Citation data from Semantic Scholar, retrieved 2026-10-22.
How to cite
BibTeX
@misc{echo2026,
title = {ECHO: Exploratory Compendium of Humanity Online},
author = {Switzer, Braden and Zafarani, Reza},
year = {2026},
url = {https://echo.directory},
note = {Syracuse University}
}
@inproceedings{Zannettou_2019,
series = {WebSci ’19},
title = {Who Let The Trolls Out?: Towards Understanding State-Sponsored Trolls},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3292522.3326016},
doi = {10.1145/3292522.3326016},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science},
publisher = {ACM},
author = {Zannettou, Savvas and Caulfield, Tristan and Setzer, William and Sirivianos, Michael and Stringhini, Gianluca and Blackburn, Jeremy},
year = {2019},
month = June,
pages = {353–362},
collection = {WebSci ’19}
} APA
Switzer, B., & Zafarani, R. (2026). ECHO: Exploratory Compendium of Humanity Online [Data repository]. Syracuse University. https://echo.directory
Zannettou, S., Caulfield, T., Setzer, W., Sirivianos, M., Stringhini, G., & Blackburn, J. (2019). State-Sponsored Trolls — Twitter Accounts (IRA + Iranian) [Data set]. https://doi.org/10.1145/3292522.3326016
MLA
Switzer, Braden, and Reza Zafarani. ECHO: Exploratory Compendium of Humanity Online. Syracuse University, 2026, echo.directory.
Zannettou, Savvas, et al. State-Sponsored Trolls — Twitter Accounts (IRA + Iranian). 2019, doi.org/10.1145/3292522.3326016.